one another. They were not haphazard groups of individuals. Leadership was important. In Jerusalem the apostles, James, the brother of the Lord, and the elders had positions of leadership (5:1–11; 8:14; 9:27; 11:1, 30; 12:17; 15:2–29; 16:4; 21:18–25). In other places elders were appointed as teachers, pastors and spiritual guides. Paul gave special time to those he appointed, especially the Ephesian elders. He taught them informally through the example of his own life and pastoral leadership and